Bio-fabrication of Copper Nanoparticles Using Acalypha indica: A Sustainable Approach to Self-Cleaning Textile Finishes

Abstract

Nanotechnology has revolutionized materials science by enabling precise manipulation of matter at the nanoscale, leading to materials with unique physicochemical properties. Among different nanomaterials, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) stand out due to their affordability, high electrical and thermal conductivity, catalytic activity, and strong antimicrobial effects. Conventional, physical, and chemical methods for producing these nanoparticles often require high energy consumption, are costly, and can be environmentally harmful. As a sustainable alternative, green synthesis has become increasingly popular. This eco-friendly approach employs biological agents, such as plant extracts, to reduce and stabilize metal ions into nanoparticles.

This study analyzes the green synthesis of CuNPs using Acalypha indica leaf extract, a plant that is rich in phytochemicals that act as natural reducing and capping agents. The synthesis process was confirmed through visual observation of color change and further characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, XRD, Particle size, and Zeta potential analysis, which validated the formation, morphology, and crystalline structure of CuNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were subsequently applied to cotton fabrics using dip-dry methods, imparting multifunctional properties.

The finished fabrics demonstrated antibacterial activity, effectively inhibiting microbial growth, along with UV-protective capabilities and self-cleaning behaviour due to enhanced hydrophobicity. These results highlight the potential of eco-friendly CuNPs synthesis in producing functional textiles for healthcare, hospitality, and technical applications. The integration of green nanotechnology with textile finishing not only enhances performance but also aligns with global sustainability goals, offering a viable pathway toward safer and more durable textile innovations.